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''National''or''homeland''security is the best label for achieving this purpose,since,after the terrorist attacks of September 2001,money has been literally no object when it comes to spending on anything that its proponents claim will''reduce the risk of terrorism''or in some other way enhance''homeland security''(to use an American phrase that has been imported effortlessly into Australian parlance in this context,even though Australians have never previously referred to this country as the''homeland'').

In their recently published bookTerror,Security and Money,University of Newcastle professor of civil engineering Mark Stewart and his co-author John Mueller from Ohio State University calculate that the United States has spent more than $US1 trillion ($A965 billion) on domestic homeland security over the past decade,over and above what it was spending before 2001,and excluding the costs of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,in response to something that has cost fewer lives than the number of people who drown in American bathtubs each year.

Yet,as they also show,these expenditures have never been subject to any kind of probability assessment (what is the probability that the event we are spending hundreds of billions of dollars to counter will actually happen?) or cost-benefit analysis (what has been the gain,in terms of lives saved and other harm prevented,relative to the expenditure incurred?)

Mueller and Stewart's cost-benefit analyses show that hardening cockpit doors in planes (so that they can't be penetrated by terrorists as occurred in the September 11,2001 attacks) has been a cost-effective security measure. On the other hand,they demonstrate that the US Air Marshal Service,and its Australian equivalent,the Air Security Officer Program (under which armed officers travel incognito on selected flights)"fail a cost-benefit analysis,usually quite miserably".

Mueller and Stewart also undertake a cost-benefit analysis of the''porno-scanners''that have been used in American airports since 2010 and which are to be used in Australia from some time next year. Using assumptions that are biased towards finding these devices to be cost-effective,and high estimates of the cost of a''successful''terrorist attack on a plane,they conclude that the"scanners fail a cost-benefit analysis quite comprehensively".

Transport Minister Anthony Albanese has said he"makes no apologies"for mandating the installation of porno-scanners at Australian airports. Perhaps he should,and not only to the travelling public,whose time is wasted and whose privacy and dignity are to be pointlessly infringed by these machines,but also to taxpayers for such a pointless waste of their money.

Mueller and Stewart suggest that Australia hasn't wasted as much money on security measures as the US. However,their analysis considers only the costs borne by governments. In Australia,much of the spending on security measures at airports has been undertaken,at government direction,by airlines and airport operators,and the total amount is much harder to ascertain.

What is clear is that very few (if any) questions have been asked about the''value for money''Australians have obtained for the vast increases in expenditure on security over the past decade. For example,the cost of running the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) has risen by more than 400 per cent in the past decade (compared with an increase in total Commonwealth government spending of 95 per cent) - and will increase by a further 24 per cent over the four years of the current forward estimates period (as against a 17 per cent projected increase in total Commonwealth spending). ASIO's staffing has increased threefold in the past decade. More than $600 million is being spent on the agency's vast new headquarters in Canberra. My understanding is that none of this has ever been subject to the sort of scrutiny that would be applied to similar proposals.

But the lessons for those wanting government favours in other areas have clearly been widely noted. It's become fashionable to stake claims for subsidies,tax breaks,or protection from competition in terms of security - hence Tony Abbott now tries to justify increased protection for Australian manufacturing in terms of''national security'';Bob Katter and Barnaby Joyce want increased barriers to imports of agricultural products in order to enhance''food security'';various primary producers argue against the removal of bans on imports of competing products on the grounds of''bio-security'';government-owned electricity network operators defend vastly increased spending on their assets (and the large increase in electricity prices that result from it) as being required for''energy security'';state governments have spent billions of dollars on desalination plants to improve''water security'';and so on. In each case the underlying - and in some cases explicit - purpose of appending a''security''label to the favours being sought is to decry any suggestion that they should be subject to such base considerations as''cost''and''benefit'',or''value for money''.

There are,of course,occasions and circumstances where our security,in the traditional sense of that word,is imperilled and where a commensurate response by government is warranted. The terrorist attacks of September 11,2001,and subsequently in Bali and elsewhere,were such occasions. But even occasions such as those do not justify the expenditure of vast sums of public money (or substantial erosions of civil liberties) without due consideration and careful evaluation. And the same principle should hold even more strongly for attempts to wrap old-fashioned''rent-seeking''in a''security''blanket in the hope of evading proper and diligent scrutiny.

Saul Eslake is a program director with the Grattan Institute,but the views expressed here are his own.

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