“We workunder a cloud of fear,” Anuradha Bhasin,editor of The Kashmir Times,wrote in a brave essay inThe New York Times this month.
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One lesson of Asia is that economies can thrive under authoritarianism — see the history of South Korea,Taiwan and China — but that religious extremism is more perilous because it can gain momentum,create fissures and suck oxygen from education and economic management. Pakistan went through its own drift to religious zealotry and offers a cautionary tale.
Pakistan was founded by a not particularly observant Muslim,Muhammad Ali Jinnah,who drank alcohol and appointed a member of the (now persecuted) Ahmadi religious minority to be the country’s first foreign minister.
But then,in 1977,General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq seized power and engineered a wave of conservative Muslim nationalism that still tears Pakistan apart.
That would be my nightmare for India,because the fires of religious extremism and grievance are easier to ignite than extinguish. But I honestly don’t think India will tumble that far. I agree with Urmi Basu,a civil society leader from Kolkata,that Indian democracy will get through this,just as it survived a retreat from democracy under Indira Gandhi. India still has a federal system that gives power to the states,and that constrains Modi.
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To my eye,Modi’s extraordinary popularity rests not just on demagogy but also on real accomplishments (plus,he’s very good at claiming credit for accomplishments that are less real).
Let’s talk toilets. Millions of Indians still practice open defecation,which spreads disease and parasites. A national survey in 2020-21 was released this month and found that 21 per cent of rural households still had no access to any toilet — but that’s a significant improvement from almost 60 per cent having no access in 2012.
Modi has championed an end to open defecation,which may seem undignified for a politician,but it saves lives.
Modi has also promoted the use of gas cylinders for cooking,rather than burning sticks and cow dung,which smoke up kitchens to dangerous levels. This hugely affects impoverished women,for some 600,000 Indians die annually from this indoor air pollution.
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Construction of ports and roads has improved,and Modi has pushed a digital identification and payment system that brings villagers into the banking system. Modi isn’t the primary reason for this technological marvel,but he presided over its expansion.
“Even his detractors admit he is very good at economic development and infrastructure projects,” said Alyssa Ayres,an India scholar and dean at George Washington University. Ayres said that during Modi’s first years as prime minister,he was less polarising and leaned in on development.
More recently,the authoritarian streak has become more prominent.
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Modi is now to all of India what he was for many years as the boss of the state of Gujarat. There,he was a pro-business leader who oversaw strong economic growth,but his record was badly damaged by a pogrom against Muslims on his watch in 2002;there is disagreement about his degree of complicity,but he certainly mismanaged it.
Looking ahead,what I fear is that the authoritarian,Hindu nationalist Modi is eclipsing the economy-boosting,toilet-building Modi.
To imagine a worst case,just look next door at the sad shambles oftoday’s Pakistan.
This article originally appeared inThe New York Times.